| الملخص | The study area lies in Arbil governorate in the northern part of Iraq it covers (1046.125) km². The main aims of this study are exploration and identification of major depositional and alternation mineral and studying the structural (analysis of lineament) and geological phenomena using remote sensing and GIS applications.
Many formation are outcropped in study area which represented by: Sehkaniyan; Sarki, Barsarin; Naokelekan; Chia Cara; Balambo; Garagu; Sarmord; Qamchuqa; Aqra – Bekhme; Tanjero; Qulqula Radiolarian Formations, Qandil Metamorphosed; Shalair Serieses, Walash Volcanic; Naopurdan Shalley Rock Groups, Suwais Red Bed Series, Govanda Limestone, Merga Red beds. Beside the Quaternary sediments such Slope sediments and Alluvial Fan sediments. Parts of study area represent part of Sanandaj – Sirjan zone that contain some mineral occurrences.
The present study applied the remote sensing technique like maximum likelihood classification, inverse view of color composite, hill shade, 3D viewer, relief image, directional filters, high and low pass filtering, density lineaments analysis, length lineaments classification, digital directional analysis of the lineaments, automatic lineament extraction algorithm, band ratio and thresholds.
ERDAS Imagine 9.1 is used for images analysis and ArcGIS 9.1 software used to layout the results. Two kinds of satellite images have been used Landsat7 and ASTER. The supervised classification operation applied using Landsat TM image for recognized Land Use - Land Cover (LULC) depending on Anderson Classification, consequently the study area is divided the study area into four classes (Urban and Built-up land, Vegetation, Ice and Bare/Exposed Rock). The Overall classification Accuracy achieved was 91.67% and a kappa coefficient is 0.8889 which represent very good accuracy.
The supervised classification applied on ASTER data to determine the different kinds of rocks and land cover which classified into nine classes (Basic Igneous rocks, Metamorphic and Igneous Rocks, Clastic Rocks and Soil, Limestone, Alteration Rock and Pure Limestone, Carbonate Rocks, Urban built up land, Vegetation and Shadow), The Overall Classification Accuracy which achieved by ASTER image was 95.56% and a kappa coefficient is 0.9500 which better accuracy as compared with the TM data.
Four anticlines displayed in study area which have NW-SE trend folded due to the collision activity of Zagros zone. The general direction of folds axes is N45W, and σ1 is N45E trend.
The LINE algorithm used for automatic lineaments detection, using kernel size 7*7 and the minimum length of lineament was selected larger than 1500 m on the image.
3, 2 and 1 RGB color composite and directional Gradient-weighted line filters are applied with a certain kernel size 7*7 on the relief image of the third band of ASTER data to manual select lineaments N-S, E-W, NE-SW and NW-SE directions to increase frequency and contrast in the image and two radiuses are selected to create a density lineaments map to calculate frequency of lineaments per unit 1 Km and 3 Km.
The total number of the interpreted identified manual lineaments in these images is (1479). The average length of the lineaments is (1.35) km, the total length of the lineaments (1998.2) km, the longest lineament is about (10.89) km and the shorter is (50.09) m. | |
